Tossup

Word forms are acceptable. A dynasty with this name was the first to use a cross made of five blue shields with white dots that is still used on Portugal’s flag. In his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages, Johan Huizinga (“HOW-zin-ga”) argues a state with this name made of patchwork fiefdoms (10[1])sponsored an “overripe” chivalric court culture (10[1])that awaited (10[1])the Renaissance. An upper and lower state with this name were merged (10[1])to form a kingdom sometimes called Arelat (10[1])within the Holy Roman Empire. A cadet (10[1])branch of the Valois (“VAL-wah”) dynasty ruled a virtually-independent duchy with this name that often changed sides (-5[1])during the Hundred Years’ War (10[1]-5[1])under dukes like Philip the Good and Charles the Bold. For (10[1])10 points, what name given to many different states in eastern France is synonymous with a dark shade of red associated with its wine? ■END■ (10[2])

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