Tossup

Word forms are acceptable. A dynasty with this name was the first to use a cross made of five blue shields with white dots that is still used on Portugal’s flag. In his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages, Johan Huizinga (“HOW-zin-ga”) argues a state with this name made of patchwork fiefdoms sponsored an “overripe” chivalric (10[1])court culture that awaited the Renaissance. An upper and lower state with this name were merged to form a kingdom sometimes called Arelat within the Holy Roman Empire. A cadet branch of the Valois (“VAL-wah”) dynasty ruled a virtually-independent duchy with this (10[1])name that often changed sides during the Hundred Years’ War (10[2])under (10[1])dukes like Philip the Good and Charles the Bold. For 10 points, (10[1])what name given to many different states in eastern France is synonymous with a dark shade of red associated with its wine? ■END■

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